RELATIVE CLAUSES
1 Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was the French one.
6 My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages.
10 Don’t cook the meat that I put in the freezer - it’s for the dog.
2 Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that , where possible.
1 This is the magazine which I told you about.
... This is the magazine that I tild you about .............................
2 John’s flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested her had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows you.
6 We don’t sell goods which have been damaged.
7 Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don’t know anyone whose clothes would fit you.
9 There’s a cafe near here which serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.
3 Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that / who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here’s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.
3 I don’t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that / who / which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that / whom / which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who / which / whose you asked me about?
8 That’s the girl that / who / whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that / which / whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn’t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see.
4 Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
MURDER AT THE STATION by Lorraine Small Episode 5: Trouble on the 6.15 The story so far:
Jane Platt, (1) ….who... is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2)............................ witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3)........................... she gives her statement then disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4)................................. she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5)............................... lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)............................ she is only to open if in trouble. Jane,(7)......................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)........................... she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)............................... has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10)....................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man"s ticket, (11)........................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)................................... was. The town (13)....................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14).................................. face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)......................... says he knows her Uncle Gordon …
5 Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ...wich............ I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes............................ I bought were the ones................................... I tried on first.
3 The bag in.........................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The medicine.............................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,................................... couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that tea............................. you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your friend.................................... tent we borrowed?
8 The flight......................................... Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
6 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.
1 The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests had gone there to admire the scenery.
The hotel, which. ..was miles from anywhere was full of guests who had gone there to admire the scenery......
2 I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France.
The book I...........................................................................................................
3 A woman’s handbag was stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was interviewed by him.
The woman whose...........................................................................................
4 A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match.
The goal which......................................................................................................
5 I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers.
The boy I.......................................................................
6 My wallet contained over £100. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it.
My wallet,.............................................................................................................
7 My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week. My friend Albert,..............................................................................
8 Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it. Carol,......................................................................................................................
7 Make one new sentence from each pair of sentences. Begin as shown, and use the word given in capitals.
|
Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her. Brenda is ...the friend who I went on holiday ................................. |
||
|
This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. This is Mr Smith....................................................................................... |
WHOSE |
|
|
Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. Her book.................................................................................................... |
WHICH |
|
|
This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it. This is the bank from............................................................................... |
WHICH |
|
|
I told you about a person. She is at the door. The person................................................................................................ |
||
|
Jack’s car had broken down. He had to take a bus. Jack,........................................................................................................... |
WHOSE |
8 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.
1 I got on a train. I wanted to go to a station. The train didn’t stop there.
The train I.. got on didn"t stop at the station I wanted to go to ......................
2 I read a book. You recommended a book to me. This was the book.
The book I........................................................................................................................
3 The ship hit an iceberg and sank. Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these.
The ship,............................................................................................................................
4 The postman realized I was on holiday. You had sent me a parcel. The postman left it next door.
The postman,....................................................................................................................
5 I used to own a dog. People came to the door. The dog never barked at them. The dog I...........................................................................................................................
6 I bought my bike from a woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there.
The woman I....................................................................................................................
7 We went to a beach on the first day of our holiday. It was covered in seaweed. This smelled a lot.
The beach we...................................................................................................................
8 My neighbours have three small children. The children make a lot of noise.
My neighbours never apologize.
My neighbours,................................................................................................................
9 I bought a new computer. It cost me a lot of money.
The new.............................................................................................................................
9 These sentences are all grammatically possible, but not appropriate in speech. Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the preposition in italics.
1 Margaret is the girl with whom I went on holiday.
... Margaret is the girl I went on holiday ..........................
2 The golf club is the only club of which I am a member.
3 That’s the girl about whom we were talking.
4 It was a wonderful present, for which I was extremely grateful.
5 This is the school to which I used to go.
6 Is this the case in which we should put the wine glasses?
7 Can you move the chair on which you are sitting?
8 That’s the shop from which I got my shoes.
9 Is that the person next to whom you usually sit?
10 This is Bill, about whom you have heard so much.
Упражнение 1
Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения 1, 2 и 3 типов.
· E.g. If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.:
If you are free, I will come to see you.
If you were free, I would come to see you.
If you had been free, I would have come to see you.
If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.
If I see her, I will be glad.
If I saw her, I would be glad.
If I had seen her, I would have been glad.
1. If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 2. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party. 3. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry) . 4. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) the examinations. 5. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 8. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 9. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 10. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.
Упражнение 2
П ерепишите каждое из следующих предложений дважды, образуя предложения нереального условия:
а) относящиеся к настоящему или будущему,
b ) относящиеся к прошедшему.
1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert. 2. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 3. If he doesn"t come in time, shall we have to wait for him? 4. If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves. 5. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 6. What shall we do if they are late? 7. Will you be very angry if we don"t come? 8. Will he be very displeased if I don"t ring him up?
Упражнение 3
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, так, чтобы предложения выражалт рельное условие.
1. If I (to see) John, I (to tell) him your news. 2. He (to be) very pleased if it (to be) really true. 3. If you (to go) to town on Monday, you (to meet) my brother Tom. 4. If you (to need) help, my father (to help) you. 5. We (to have) a picnic lunch if the day (to be) fine. 6. If you (to ask) a policeman, he (to tell) you the way. 7. I (to finish) the job tomorrow if I (to can). 8. I (not / to require) an umbrella if it(not / to rain). 9. If she (to think) it over carefully, she (to form) a clear opinion. 10. If they (to catch) the bus now, they (to arrive) at half past nine. 11. He (to find) the answers if he (to look) at the back of the book. 12. If you (to want) me to, I (to come) for a walk with you. 13. If he (to write) to her, she (to answer) at once. 14. If you (to wait) a few moments, the waiter (to bring) your coffee. 15. He (to lose) weight if he (to stop) eating too much. 16. If she (to be) patient, I (to try) to explain. 17. I (to wear) a purle tie only if I (to must). 18. If we (to leave) at once, we (to catch) the early train. 19. If he (to do) that again, his father (to punish) him. 20. If she (drink) this medicine, she (to feel) much better.
Упражнение 4
Раскройте скобки таким образом, чтобы предложения выражали: а) реальное условие, b) нереальное условие настоящего времени.
1. If I (to know), I (to tell) you. 2. If she (to want) to talk she (to ring up). 3. Her health (to improve) if she (to sleep) longer. 4. If he (to have) enough money, he (to buy) a large house. 5. She (to feel) lonely if Peter (to go) out every evening. 6. We (to be) pleased to see you if you (to arrive). 7. If we (to can) come on Sunday, we (to come). 8. I (to understand) Mr. Smith if he (to speak) slowly. 9. We (not / to go) by ship unless there (to be) no other way. 10 If you (not / to give) him good meals, he (not / to be able) to work hard.
Упражнение 5
Замените предложения нереального условия в настоящем времени на предложения нереального условия в прошедшем времени.
1. If she tired, she could be better. 2. He would do more work if he were able. 3. I should live better if I earned more money. 4. If I knew the answer, I should tell you. 5. He wouldn"t come unless you invited him. 6. We shouldn"t remember it if it weren"t so strange. 7. If I had time, I would help you. 8. Peter would come if you wanted him to. 10. If you wrote more often, you would receive more letters. 11. They would prefer to keep it if they could. 12. I would buy it by myself if I had money. 13. If they offered it to me for nothing, I wouldn"t take it. 14. I should break a promise if I answered your question. 15. If you swore to keep a secret, I would tell you.
Упражнение 6
Составьте предложения, найдя соответствия между левой и правой колонками.
|
1. If I go on a diet |
a. we"ll make a snowman |
|
2. If it"s sunny tomorrow |
b. I"ll buy you some chocolate |
|
3. If John doesn"t hurry |
c. she"ll have to take a taxi |
|
d. I"ll lose weight |
|
|
5. If there sre no buses |
e. he"ll be late |
|
6. If you are a good girl |
f. we"ll go for a picnic |
Упражнение 7
Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужное время.
John Smith is in prison. How did it happen? If John (not / to oversleep), he (not / to be) late for work. If he (not / to be) late for work, his boss (not / to fire) him. If John (not / to lose) his job, he (not / to need) money and he (not / to rob) the bank. If he (not / to rob) the bank, the police (not / to arrest) him.
Упражнение 8
Составьте условные предложения, используя материал левой и правой колонокб которые отражали бы Ваше отношение к ситуации.
e.g. Daniel had fallen ill. put on coat / catch cold
Daniel wouldn"t have caught cold if he had put on coat.
| 1. Nick has broken his leg. | climb ladder / break his leg |
| 2. Mr. Davidson had got a smashed car. | drive carefully / avoid accident |
| 3. John Smithson was the second in the competition. | run faster / win the race |
| 4. Chris has cut his finger. | play with knife / cut finger |
| 5. Mary has got a terrible headache. | have headache / take aspirin |
| 6. Mrs. Claydon has nothing left for supper. | leave fish on the tablet / cat eat it |
Упражнение 18
1. He is busy and does not come to see us. If ... . 2. The girl didn"t study well last year and received bad marks. If ... . 3. He broke his bicycle and so he didn"t go to the country. If ... . 4. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If ... . 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that"s why I didn"t come to see you. If ... . 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that"s why it struck a rock. If ... . 7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If ... . 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If ... . 9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If ... . 10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If ... . 11. It is late, and I have to go home. If ... . 12. I was expecting my friend to come, that"s why I couldn"t go to the cinema with you. If ... . 13. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If ... . 14. I didn"t translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If ... . 15. We lost our way because the night was pitch-dark. If ... . 16. The box was so heavy that I couldn"t carry it. That"s why I took a taxi. If ... .
Упражнение 19
Образуйте условные предложения.
1. The travellers had no camera with them, so they could not take photos of the beautiful scenery. If ... . 2. There was no sugar left, so we had to go to the shop late in the evening. If ... . 3. This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If ... . 4. He is an excellent specialist, but I can"t ask his advice because I"m not acquainted with him. If ... . 5. You cannot enjoy this merry evening party because you have a toothache. If ... 6. You know the material well enough, but you are very absent-minded, and that"s why you always make many mistakes. If ... . 7. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you were in trouble. If .. . 8. You left the child alone in the room, so he hurt himself. If ... . 9. They spent a year in the tropics, so they got very sun-tanned. If ... . 10. It rained heavily, so we got drenched to the skin. If ... . 11. Why didn"t you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. If ... . 12. A huge black cloud appeared from behind the forest, so we had to turn back and hurry home. If ... . 13. We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If ... . 14. Naturally she was angry, because you were in her way. If ... .
Придаточные условия Придаточные условия. Тесты Тест 1, "m.c." Тест 2, "m.c." Тест 3, "m.c." Тест 4, "m.c." Тест 5, "m.c." Тест 6, "m.c." Тест 1, "gaps" Тест 2, "gaps" Тест 3, "gaps" Тест 4, "gaps" Тест 5, "gaps" Наклонение. Сослагательное наклонение Сослагательное наклонение в придаточных
Хотя , пока будем формально считать, что время глагола, которое называется Future Simple Tense, является основным для выражения будущего времени в английском языке. Кстати, в сложных предложениях времени и условия в английском языке, о которых пойдет речь в этом уроке, используется именно Future Simple Tense.
Что такое придаточные предложения времени и условия?
Могут относиться к настоящему и будущему времени (реальные условия), а также бы нереальными. В этом уроке речь пойдет о сложных предложениях, которые относятся к будущему времени , типа
Если погода будет хорошая, я пойду гулять.
Такие предложения в английском языке называются условными предложениями ПЕРВОГО ТИПА (First Conditionals). Другое название — When and If Sentences / First Conditional and Time Clauses.
Обратите внимание, что в примере на русском языке в обеих частях : в первой части (придаточной) и во второй части (главной), употребляется будущее время.
Однако в английском языке работает ПРАВИЛО: после IF/ WHEN — нет будущего.
Оно означает, что в придаточном предложении вместо Future Simple, нужно употреблять Present Simple.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Вместо союза ЕСЛИ может стоять любой другой союз времени или условия.
Теперь настало время познакомиться с союзами времени и условия.
2. Союзы времени и условия в английском языке
Если вы начинающий, то запомните два главных союза if (если) и when (когда).
- I will stay if she comes. — Я останусь, если она придет.
- I will leave when he comes. — Я уйду, когда он придет.
А. Условные союзы в английском языке:
- if — если
- unless — если не
- on condition that — при условии что
- I will stay if she comes. — Я останусь, если она придет.
- I will stay providing she comes. — Я останусь при условии, если только она придет.
- I won’t stay unless she comes. — Я не останусь, если она не придет.
Обратите внимание, что в английских условных предложениях запятая отсутствует.
В. Союзы времени в английском языке
- when — когда
- as soon as — как только
- till (until) — до тех пор пока (не)
- before — раньше, до того как
- after — после
- I will leave when he comes. — Я уйду, когда он придет.
- I will leave as soon as he comes. — Я уйду, как только он придет.
- I won’t leave till he comes. — Я не уйду, пока он не придет.
- I had left before he came. — Я ушел до того, как он пришел.
- I left after he had come. — Я ушел после того, как он пришел.
Итак, подведем итоги этой темы и сформулируем еще раз основное ПРАВИЛО.
В придаточных предложениях, относящихся к будущему, после союзов when и if и других вместо будущего времени (Future Simple), надо употреблять наcтоящее (Present Simple). Такие предложения в английском языке называются First Conditional and Time Clauses.
Для самопроверки выберите правильный вариант.
Я надеюсь, что вы внимательно прочитали правило, примеры и перевод. Если же ваше мнение отличается от мнения БОЛЬШИНСТВА, то вернитесь к началу урока. А мы переходим к упражнениям.
3. Придаточные предложения времени и условия в английском языке. Упражнения на First Conditionals
ВНИМАНИЕ! Данные предложения не являются условными. В них правило не работает!
I’d like to know when Dan will be back
. – Я хотела бы знать, когда вернется Дэн.
I don’t know if she will come home.
– Я не знаю, вернется ли она домой.
Упражнение (вводное).
1. I wonder if he (laugh) all day.
2. She will buy a new bag when she (arrive) to London.
3. I will stay here till he (come).
4. Tell him about it if he (want).
5. I wonder when somebody (come and tell) her what to do.
6. Do you know if your uncle (come back) from his trip tomorrow?
7. Don’t tell her about it before she (ask).
8. I will know all about it when I (get) a letter from her.
9. She will catch bad cold unless she (go and change) her wet shoes.
10. I wonder when you (be ready) and if you (be on time).
11. I am not sure when she (return).
12. Will you wait until he (come)?
13. Please, book a return ticket if you (get) to New York.
14. I shall cut some sandwiches in case they (be) hungry.
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски союзами when или if.
Выполните упражнение, если вы путаете союзы when и if.
1. … I go home tonight, I’ll have a bath.
2. … there is a good programme on TV, I’ll watch it.
3. … there’s nothing in the fridge, we’ll eat out.
4. We’ll go skiing next winter … we have enough money.
5. … it’s a nice day tomorrow, we’ll go swimming.
6. I’m coming to London tomorrow. I’ll phone you … I arrive.
7. We’re thinking of going to Spain for our holidays. … we decide to go, I’ll let you know.
Упражнение 2 . Вставьте вместо точек when или if.
Похожее упражнение, но во второй части иногда встречается повелительное наклонение.
1. … you can’t do your homework, ask for help.
2. I’ll give the money back to you, … I see you next time.
3. I’ll come to bed … this programme ends.
4. … anyone phones me, tell them I’m out.
5. Come on! … we hurry, we’ll catch the bus!
6. … I play tennis with Justin, he always wins.
7. The shops are full of things to buy … Christmas comes.
8. «I’ve lost my bag.» - «… I find it, I’ll let you know.»
Упражнение 3 . Составьте сложное предложение из двух простых, используя союзы, данные в скобках. Примените правило 1.
ОБРАЗЕЦ: I’ll wait here. You’ll get back. (until ) — I’ll wait here until you get back.
1. Give me a ring. You’ll hear some news. (when)
2. The TV programme will end. I’ll do my homework. (after)
3. I’ll go to work. I’ll have a bath. (before)
4. She’ll be in Paris. She’ll visit friends. (when)
5. The lesson will end. I’ll go home. (as soon as)
6. I won’t leave the house. The postman will call. (until)
7. Can you feed the cats? I’ll be away, (when)
8. I’ll tell you about the holiday. I’ll get back. (when)
9. I’ll study English. I’ll speak it perfectly. (until)
Упражнение 4 . Ваш друг уезжает на каникулы. Задайте ему вопросы о его поездке.
ОБРАЗЕЦ: What/do/miss/plane? — What will you do if you miss the plane?
1. What/do/plane/be delayed?
2. Where/stay/hotels/be full?
3. Who/talk to/not make any friends?
4. What/do/not like the food?
5. Where/go/beaches/be crowded?
6. What/do/get sunburnt?
Упражнение 5 . Раскройте скобки, правильно употребив времена Future Simple и Present Simple.
ОБРАЗЕЦ. When I (see) Tom tomorrow, I (invite) him to our party. — When I see Tom tomorrow, I will invite him to our party.
1. Before you (leave), don’t forget to shut the windows. 2. I (phone) you as soon as I (arrive) in London. 3. Please don’t touch anything before the police (come). 4. Everyone (be) very surprised if he (pass) the exams. 5. When you (see) Brian again, you (not/ recognize) him. 6. We (not/start) dinner until Jack (arrive). 7. (you/ feel) lonely without me while I (be) away? 8. If I (need) any help, I (ask) you. 9. Come on! Hurry up! Ann (be) annoyed if we (be) late.
Упражнение 6. Объедините два предложения в одно по образцу. Используй союзы времени или условия по смыслу.
ОБРАЗЕЦ. You are going to leave soon. You must visit the doctor before that. — You must visit the doctor before you leave.
1. I’ll find somewhere to live. Then I’ll give you my address.
2. It’s going to start raining. Let’s go out before that.
3. I’m going to do the shopping. Then I’ll come home straight.
4. You’ll be in London next month. You must come and see me then.
5. I’m going to finish reading this book. Then I’ll get the dinner ready. (when)
6. We’ll make our decision. Then we’ll let you know. (as soon as)
Упражнение 7
. Вставьте вместо точек if или when.
1. … I see Tom tomorrow, I’ll invite him to our party.
2. … it rains this evening, I won’t go out.
3. I’ll phone you … I get back.
4. I’m feeling very tired. I think I’ll go straight to bed … I get home.
5. I’ll be very surprised … he doesn’t get the job.
Упражнение 8. Составьте смысловые цепочки предложений по образцу, используя if и will.
ОБРАЗЕЦ. If the earth gets warmer, the sea will get warmer. — If the sea gets warmer, the ice at the North and South Poles will melt. — If the ice …, etc.
1. the earth gets warmer
2. the sea gets warmer
3. the ice at the North and South Poles melts
4. the sea level rises
5. there are floods in many parts of the world
Упражнение 9 . Ваш друг отправляется за границу. Задайте ему вопросы.
ОБРАЗЕЦ: What/do/fall ill? - What will you do if you fall ill?
1. What/do/lose your passport?
2. What/do/not like/the food?
3. Where/go/need to phone your parents?
4. What/do/want/to make friends?
5. What/do/decide to improve your pronunciation?
Упражнение 10 . Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужную форму. Предложения относятся к будущему.
1. If you (eat) another cake, you (be) sick. 2. You (fail) your exam if you (not/study) hard. 3. What you (do) if you (fail)? 4. Our children and grandchildren (suffer) if we (not/look after) our planet. 5. If you (be) late, I (go) without you. 6. If she (pass) her driving test, she (buy) a car. 7. If my neighbours (not/stop) making a noise, I (complain).
Определительные придаточные предложения в английском языке (Relative clauses)
Что это такое и как этим пользоваться?
Relative clause - или на русском определительное придаточное предложение, - это часть сложного предложения, которое зависит от главного. Оно обычно соединяет два маленьких предложения в одно или просто добавляет новую интересную информацию, чтобы вам было понятнее, давайте посмотрим пример.
I have a mother who works as a doctor. - У меня есть мама, которая работает врачом.
I missed the bus that was going to take me to church. - Я пропустила автобус, который должен был отвезти меня в церковь.
Defining relative clauses (Ограничительные определения)
Defining relative clauses дают важную информацию о
Сравните:
1. My sister, who lives in London, is coming to Paris.
2. My sister who lives in London is coming to Paris.
В первом предложении, придаточное предложение who lives in London - это non-defining relative clause. Это придаточное предложение сообщает дополнительную информацию: у меня есть только одна сестра и она живет в Лондоне. Если опустить информацию о том, где живет моя сестра, все равно будет понятно, что мы хотим сказать.
Второе предложение - это defining relative clause: у меня есть несколько сестер, и в данный момент я говорю о сестре, которая живет в Лондоне.
В defining relative clauses мы можем опустить слово-связку
I"ve eaten the pasta (which) I made yesterday.
Ограничительные придаточные предложения при письме не выделяются запятыми.
Non-defining relative clauses (Распространительные предложения)
Non-defining relative дают дополнительную информацию о подлежащем. Придаточное предложение в этом случае выделяется с двух сторон запятыми.
That project, which I started years ago, still isn"t finished.
Упражнения.
1 .
1. That is the shop ____ was awarded as the best shop in the city. 2. The girl ____ brother go with me to the gym is a good singer. 3. The man ____ broke into our house was caught in two days. 4. She visits her grandmother ____ lives in countryside every summer. 5. She was wearing a dress ___ looked like princess’. 6. The bookshelf ____ we bought last week has broken down. 7. The man ___ was sitting on the bench turned around and saw his granddaughter. 8. A woman ____ son was crying paid no attention to him. 9. The woman ____ car had broken down on her way home spend 3 hours waiting for help. 10. My best friend ____ I have known for years will never let me down. 11. He didn’t follow the instructions ____ he was given, so he failed to pass the test. 12. The girl ___ lived next door was very shy and couldn’t say a word to protect herself at school. 13. I need to buy a laptop ____ can work up to 5 hours without a charger. 14. My father ___ is a doctor has no idea how to repair a car. 15. The photo ____ is placed on the mantel was taken at the picnic two years ago.
2. Поставьте подходящее относительное местоимение who, which, that, when, why, where или whose.
His sister, … name is Lara, works at the library.
Her last film, … I couldn’t understand at all, was a great success.
Give him something … will take away the pain.
I work in the town … my son lives.
We’ll show you the poem … changed my life.
Doctors, … claim money, are shameless.
Is there a shop near here … sells milk?
That’s the main reason … I came to you.
I’ll never forget my childhood … I was so happy.
People … live in flats shouldn’t have animals.
The car … he bought last month is fantastic.
This is the most beautiful waterfall … we have ever seen!
3. Соедините предложения, используя придаточные предложения.
Н-р: My dad works in a factory. It makes parts for computers. (Мой отец работает на фабрике. Она производит детали для компьютеров.) – The factory … makes parts for computers. – The factory where my dad works makes parts for computers. (Фабрика, на которой работает мой отец, производит детали для компьютеров.)
There is a bakery near my house. It sells wonderful pies. – The bakery … sells wonderful pies.
They lived in a cottage. It was struck by lightning. – The cottage … was struck by lightning.
Jane made a seafood salad. Nobody likes it. – Nobody likes the salad … .
Jack is an architect. He designed the Opera House. – Jack is the architect … .
The woman didn’t apologize. Her cat bit me. – The woman … didn’t apologize.
Madonna is a famous American singer. Her parents were born in Italy. – Madonna … is a famous American singer.
The apartment is the biggest in the house. The lawyer lives there. – The apartment … is the biggest in the house.
We play tennis in a sports centre. It is very expensive. – The sports centre … is very expensive.
Ответы
1. which 2. whose 3. who 4. who 5. that 6. that 7. who 8. whose 9. whose 10. whom 11. that 12. who 13. that 14. who 15. that
whose (Его сестра, чье имя Лара, работает в библиотеке.)
which/that (Ее последний фильм, который я совсем не понял, имел большой успех.)
that (Дай мне что-нибудь для снятия боли.)
where (Я работаю в том городе, где живет мой сын.)
which/that (Мы покажем вам стихотворение, изменившее мою жизнь.)
who (Врачи, требующие денег, бессовестны.)
that/which (Здесь есть поблизости магазин, продающий молоко?)
why (Это основная причина, почему я пришел к вам.)
when (Я никогда не забуду свое детство, когда я был так счастлив.)
who (Люди, проживающие в квартирах, не должны иметь животных.)
which/that (Машина, которую он купил в прошлом месяце, фантастическая.)
that (Это самый красивый водопад, который мы когда-либо видели!)
The bakery which is near my house sells wonderful pies. (Булочная, расположенная у моего дома, продает прекрасные пирожки.)
The cottage where they lived was struck by lightning. (Коттедж, в котором они жили, был поражен молнией.)
Nobody likes the salad which Jane made. (Никому не нравится салат, который приготовила Джейн.)
Jack is the architect who designed the Opera House. (Джек – архитектор, спроектировавший Оперный театр.)
The woman whose cat bit me didn’t apologize. (Женщина, чья кошка укусила меня, не извинилась.)
Madonna, whose parents were born in Italy, is a famous American singer. (Мадонна, чьи родители родились в Италии, является знаменитой американской певицей.)
The apartment where the lawyer lives is the biggest in the house. (Квартира, в которой живет адвокат, самая большая в доме.)
The sports centre where we play tennis is very expensive. (Спортивный центр, в котором мы играем в теннис, очень дорогой.)
Ответы:
neither (Мы спросили их обоих, но никто из них не знает его адрес.)
either (Он жил в Милане и в Мадриде, но ему не понравился ни один из городов.)
either – or (Она очень стройная. Думаю, она или спортсменка, или модель.)
either – or (Анна никогда не работает целый день. Она работает или утром, или после обеда.)
either (У него 2 машины, но мне не нравится ни одна из них.)
both (Она не могла сделать свой выбор, ей нравились они оба.)
either (Ты можешь поехать в Оксфорд или на автобусе, или на поезде.)
Either (Вы будете рыбу или курицу? – Без разницы. Или то, или то подойдет.)
(Вы будете яблочный или апельсиновый сок? – Ни то, ни другое, спасибо. Я не люблю сок.)
(Вы будете салат или стейк? – И то, и другое. Я такой голодный.)
either (Разве он не пользуется одним из телефонов?)
neither – nor (Моя старая бабушка не могла ни читать, ни писать.)
Neither (Никто из них не пригласил меня, поэтому я туда не ходил.)
both (Тебе следует держать обе руки на руле.)
either (Я не люблю фильмы ужасов, и мой муж тоже не любит.)
Both (И у мамы, и у папы зеленые глаза.)
neither (Я попросил двоих друзей помочь мне с тестом, но никто из них не знал ответ.)
either (Ее платье было либо черным, либо коричневым.)
either (Попроси Фреда или Линду купить немного молока.)
neither – nor (Мы не можем встретиться ни сегодня, ни завтра. Я ужасно занят.)
Either, neither, both
Для того чтобы перейти к более подробному рассмотрению этой темы, изуч им переводы этих союзов:
neither ... nor - ни... ни;
either ... or - или... или, либо... либо;
both ... and - и... и, как... так и.
Теперь изучим каждое из этих сочетаний в отдельности.
Neither ... nor - ни... ни
Данный союз является отрицательным и служит для соединения однородных членов предложения. Чтобы его употребление было более понятным, изучите несколько примеров.
Neither Kate nor her friend answered the question (союз соединяет подлежащие) - Ни Катя, ни ее подруга не ответили на вопрос.
We brought neither books nor copy-books (союз соединяет дополнения) - Мы не принесли ни книг, ни тетрадей.
We mustn"t neither help, nor lend the money to John (союз соединяет сказуемые) - Мы не обязаны ни помогать, ни давать денег взаймы Джону.
We bought neither old nor new flat (союз соединяет определения) - Мы не купили ни старую, ни новую квартиру.
Обратите внимание на то, что союз neither ... nor соединяет любые члены предложения: это могут быть подлежащие, определения, дополнения, сказуемые и т.д.
Следует запомнить, что сочетание neither ... nor часто служит для соединения подлежащих, тогда сказуемое согласуется с ближайшим подлежащим. Но это правило обычно не соблюдается, и сказуемое ставится во множественном числе, как показано в примерах выше.
Рассмотрите это примечание на примере.
Neither my friends nor Kate want s to go to a party - Ни мои друзья, ни Катя не хотят идти на вечеринку (сказуемое согласуется с ближайшим подлежащим).
Neither my friends nor Kate want to go to a party - Ни мои друзья, ни Катя не хотят идти на вечеринку (сказуемое стоит во множественном числе - обычно употребляется этот вариант перевода).
Также необходимо обратить внимание на тот факт, что в английском предложении может быть только одно отрицание, а так как союз neither ... nor - отрицательный , сказуемое в предложении всегда должно быть утвердительным. Это видно из всех выше приведенных примеров.
Если neither
Изучите пример.
We neither sent the parcel nor the letter - Мы не отправили ни посылку, ни письмо.
Either ... or - или... или, либо... либо
Данный союз используется в утвердительных предложениях, соединяя однородные члены. В отличие от союза neither ... nor, either ... or , соединяя подлежащие, согласуется с ближайшим из них.
Чтобы употребление данного союза было более понятно, изучите несколько примеров.
Either our classmates, or your friend has complained to the teacher - Или наши одноклассники, или твой друг нажаловался учителю.
Если either не относится к подлежащему, то его можно ставить перед глаголом-сказуемым.
They will either build a restaurant or a shopping center in this district - Они построят либо ресторан, либо торговый центр в этом районе.
Если предложение отрицательное, то союз either ... or может выступать в роли союза neither ... nor .
Изучите пример.
We didn"t paint either ceiling or wall - Мы не покрасили ни потолок, ни стену.
Both ... and - и... и, как... так и
Данный союз используется в утвердительных предложениях и соединяет однородные члены предложения. Если союз соединяет подлежащие, то сказуемое необходимо употреблять во множественном числе.
Изучите несколько примеров.
Both John and that engineer refuse to work - И Джон, и тот инженер отказываются работать.
We saw both the university and the school - Мы видели как школу, так и университет.
1. Выберите из скобок подходящий вариант.
We have asked them both but … (neither/both) of them knows his address.
He has lived in Milan and Madrid but he didn’t like … (either/neither) of the cities much.
She is very slim. I think she is … (either/neither) a sportsman … (or/nor) a model.
Anna never works all day. She works … (either/neither) in the morning … (or/nor) after lunch.
He has 2 cars, but I don’t like … (either/neither) of them.
She couldn’t choose between them, she liked them … (both/either).
You can take … (either/neither) a bus or a train to get to Oxford.
Would you like fish or chicken? - It doesn’t matter. … (Either/Both) will do for me.
Would you like apple juice or orange juice? - … (Either/Neither), thanks. I don’t like juice.
Would you like some salad or some steak? - … (Either/Both). I’m so hungry.
Doesn’t he use … (either/neither) of his phones?
My old granny could … (either/neither) read … (or/nor) write.
… (Either/Neither) of them invited me, so I didn’t go there.
You should keep … (either/both) hands on the steering wheel.
I don’t like horror films, and my husband doesn’t like … (either/neither).
… (Either/Both) my mother and father have green eyes.
I asked two friends to help me with the test, but … (either/neither) of them knew the answer.
Her dress was … (either/both) black or brown.
Please ask … (either/neither) Fred or Linda to buy some milk.
We can meet … (either/neither) today … (or/nor) tomorrow. I am terribly busy.
Fill in the gaps and complete the sentences. Use either... or, neither... nor, both... and.
1. I drink ... coffee ... hot chocolate. 2. I didn"t like the new book. It was ... interesting ... useful. 3. I invited two friends, but ... Liz ... Jane could come to the . 4. Granny promised me a nice dessert. It will be ... a chocolate cake ... an apple pie. 5. Last year I visited ... London ... St Petersburg. 6. Alex will phone me ... at five o"clock ... at six o"clock. 7. No, thank you. I"ll have ... tea ... coffee.
8. - Did anybody come to see you last week?
Nobody did.... Julia... John was there.
9. - Have they arrived yet?
No, they haven’t. But I expect them… today… tomorrow.
10. Borrow some money from your friends.... Ann... Mary will help you.
1. Завершите УП, определив их тип по форме глагола в первой части предложений.
Например: If the film is boring we … (leave) at once. (Если фильм будет скучным, мы сразу же уйдем.) – If the film is boring we will leave at once.
She would look much younger if she … (be) slim. (Она бы выглядела намного моложе, если бы была стройной.) – She would look much younger if she were slim.
1. If the flight is delayed our guests … (be) late. (Если рейс задержат, наши гости опоздают.)
2. We would have gone to the beach if the rain … (stop). (Мы бы сходили на пляж, если бы дождь прекратился.)
3. They will miss the train if they … (not run.) (Они опоздают на поезд, если не побегут.)
4. If you had given her the letter she … (tear) it to pieces. (Если бы ты дал ей письмо, она бы разорвала его на кусочки.)
5. If Jack moves too slowly he … (not win) the game. (Если Джек будет двигаться слишком медленно, он не победит в игре.)
6. If I lost my job I … (move) to the country. (Если бы я потеряла работу, я бы переехала в сельскую местность.)
7. She would invite our kids if they … (behave) themselves. (Она бы пригласила наших детей, если бы они вели себя хорошо.)
8. If Tom were more careful he … (not break) things. (Если бы Том был более внимательным, он бы не ломал вещи.)
9. If she had had a car she … (drive) there. (Если бы у нее была машина, она бы туда доехала.)
10. You wouldn’t have got wet if you … (put on) your mackintosh. (Ты бы не промок, если бы надел плащ.)
2. Составьте список того, о чем мечтает маленький Джонни, используя II тип условных предложений. Переведите получившиеся предложения.
Например: If I had much money I would buy a sports car. (Если бы у меня было много денег, я бы купил спортивную машину.)
If I had much money … …make a strawberry cake.
If I were tall … …buy a sports car .
If I knew French well … …save people.
If I could cook … …play basketball.
If I had a bunch of flowers … …move to Canada.
If I were a fireman … …give it to Alice.
3. Поставьте глаголы из скобок в необходимую форму, обращая внимание на тип условных предложений.
0 тип
1. When my sister … (come) to town we … (go) to the cinema together. (Когда моя сестра приезжает в город, мы ходим вместе в кино.)
2. If my kids … (run) in the playground they … (become) very thirsty. (Если мои дети бегают на игровой площадке, они очень хотят пить.)
I тип
1. If it … (cost) too much I … (not take) it. (Если он стоит слишком много, я не возьму его.)
2. She … (be) angry if you … (lose) this photo. (Она разозлится, если ты потеряешь эту фотографию.)
3. If you … (not eat up) the bread we … (feed) the birds in the garden. (Если вы не съедите хлеб, мы покормим птиц в саду.)
II тип
1. If I … (have) free time now I … (watch) my favourite film. (Если бы у меня было свободное время сейчас, я бы посмотрел любимый фильм.)
2. If I … (be) you I … (not eat) fast food. (На твоем месте я бы не ел фаст фуд.)
3. His job … (be) so hard if he … (not have) a secretary. (Его работа была бы такой тяжелой, если бы у него не было секретаря.)
III тип
1. If you … (not smoke) so much you … (not be) in hospital now. (Если бы ты не курил столько, ты бы сейчас не лежал в больнице.)
2. If we … (meet) him yesterday we … (call) you. (Если бы мы встретили его вчера, мы бы позвонили тебе.)
Ответы:
1. will be
2. had stopped
3. don’t run
4. would have torn
5. won’t win (will not win)
6. would move
7. behaved
8. wouldn’t break
9. would have driven
10. had put on
If I were tall I would play basketball. (Если бы я был высоким, я бы играл в баскетбол.)
If I knew French well I would move to Canada. (Если бы я знал французский хорошо, я бы переехал в Канаду.)
If I could cook I would make a strawberry cake. (Если бы я мог готовить, я бы сделал клубничный торт.)
If I had a bunch of flowers I would give it to Alice. (Если бы у меня был букет цветов, я бы подарил его Алисе.)
If I were a fireman I would save people. (Если бы я был пожарным, я бы спасал людей.)
0 тип
1. comes – go
2. run – become
I тип
1. costs – will not take (won’t take)
2. will be – lose
3. don’t eat up – will feed
II тип
1. had – would watch
2. were – wouldn’t eat
3. would be – didn’t have
III тип
1. hadn’t smoked – wouldn’t have been
2. had met – would have called
